1.  "An Unidentified Flying Object lands on
the English coast. UNIT investigates. 
			  
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2.  This episode was first shown
on 13 March 1971,
when it was seen by 7.3 million viewers. 
			  
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3.  In the early 1970s,
this kind of graceful music
was conventional for outer space scenes 
			  
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4.  In the script, they check the records
first to establish
that it's not a known comet, 
			  
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5.  and find that no comet is due this year
(which is not the same year the serial
was made and broadcast): 
			  
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6.  Comus-Sola passed Earth in 1969,
Pons-Winnecke in 1970, Encke in 1971,
and Westphal is due in 1975. 
			  
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7.  The script here calls
for "a pulsating amoebic shape". 
			  
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8.  These shots were a late,
unscripted addition. 
			  
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9.  The outer shell is "ridged,
rather like the surface
of the cerebellum," says the script. 
			  
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10.  In an earlier draft of the serial,
Chinn was just a civil servant. 
			  
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11.  But a civil servant could
not convincingly take charge
of the situation later on, 
			  
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12.  so the authors were asked
to make him an influential,
right-wing Member of Parliament. 
			  
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13.  In the script,
he has a longer rant: 
			  
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14.  "You seem to think UNIT
is your own private army, Brigadier.
Not so - emphatically not so! 
			  
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15.  "You forget that you are a guest
of the British Government, paid for
in part by the British taxpayer. 
			  
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16.  "As their elected representative,
I must insist on your full co-operation
with this enquiry. 
			  
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17.  In the script, there's a comic scene
where Bill Filer asks Jo where he can
find a chap called "Joe Grant". 
			  
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18.  At this point in the series' history,
the Doctor is marooned on Earth,
unable to operate the Tardis. 
			  
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19.  "How do you suspend someone
who doesn't exist?"
Asks the Doctor, mischievously. 
			  
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20.  This scene was a late addition
in rehearsal, 
			  
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21.  as was the Doctor's line here. 
			  
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22.  The addition helped to re-establish
the running theme of the 1971 series,
UNIT's ongoing battle with the Master. 
			  
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23.  Producer Barry Letts felt Doctor Who
needed a "Moriarty" figure motivating
all the various threats to Earth. 
			  
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24.  which so excited them
that they featured him
in every upcoming serial. 
			  
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25.  ICBM stands
for Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile. 
			  
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26.  In other words, they're wondering if the
UFO is actually an enemy first strike. 
			  
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27.  There isn't a direct line:
The Brigadier just wants to get rid
of Chinn. 
			  
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28.  The authors, Bob Baker and Dave Martin,
had very little television experience
before writing 'The Claws of Axos', 
			  
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29.  so the serial took them roughly a year
to put together,
from first storyline to final script. 
			  
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30.  Terrance Dicks shepherded them
through umpteen rewrites, 
			  
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31.  and contributed more
than a few ideas of his own. 
			  
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32.  The inclusion of "a curious rustic",
for example, was at his suggestion. 
			  
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33.  Bristol-based Baker
and Martin had begun writing drama
in 1968, 
			  
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34.  working together in a disused barn full
of rotting fruit. 
			  
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35.  About a month later, they were phoned
by Trevor Ray,
Doctor Who's assistant script editor, 
			  
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36.  who wanted to discuss a play
they'd sent in: 
			  
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37.  A Man's Life, an unfinished comedy
about a tank regiment, 
			  
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38.  which they had based on the army
experiences of their friend Keith Floyd 
			  
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39.  Addressed simply to "BBC, London",
the script did the rounds
of Television Centre 
			  
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40.  and the writers came up with some ideas
on the way back to Bristol
that afternoon. 
			  
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41.  This line was scripted
for the technician, 
			  
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42.  and this bit was a late addition
after the location filming was disrupted
by changeable weather from day to day. 
			  
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43.  "It's a fine, eerie location,"
Dicks wrote to Baker
and Martin after visiting the filming, 
			  
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44.  "but bloody cold! Feeling is only now
returning to my lower extremities!" 
			  
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45.  This sequence was filmed
on the first day on location,
Monday 4 January 1971. 
			  
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46.  The business on the rubbish tip
was unscripted, worked out on the day
by the actor and director. 
			  
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47.  Filming continued at various venues
in southern Kent until the end
of the week, 
			  
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48.  but, as you'll see, the foggy,
snowy conditions didn't last -
only the cold! 
			  
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49.  So freak weather conditions
were declared - to cover the fact
that the visuals didn't always match up. 
			  
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50.  By then, bits and pieces of dialogue had
already been reassigned
to Corporal Bell, 
			  
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51.  The props department had supplied
some high tech miniature televisions
for this sequence, 
			  
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52.  but they had to make do
with these tatty old monitors 
			  
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53.  after the tellies were stolen
during the lunch break! 
			  
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54.  The technician
is "too amazed to use the jargon",
says the script. 
			  
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55.  The document was
as thick as a complete script, 
			  
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56.  full of high-concept inspiration,
but unworkably light
on connecting story. 
			  
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57.  The monitors here show stock film
supplied by the
British Aircraft Corporation. 
			  
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58.  7-part serials had been abandoned
in a change of production policy,
so it was now to be a 6-parter. 
			  
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59.  The script finally came in
on 6 April 1970, three months late. 
			  
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60.  The authors were immediately asked
to start again from scratch
with a fresh storyline. 
			  
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61.  Pigbin Josh is played
by stuntman Derek Ware. 
			  
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62.  He'd been contracted
for the role only four days earlier. 
			  
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63.  He was the founder of the Kilburn-based
stunt co-operative Havoc, who styled
themselves "specialists in hazards". 
			  
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64.  Havoc had been Doctor Who's
usual stunt team during 1970, 
			  
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65.  so 'The Claws of Axos' was
to be their last regular engagement
on Doctor Who. 
			  
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66.  In the script, the Doctor points out
that, despite the missile attack,
the UFO has offered no retaliation: 
			  
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67.  In fact, it shows
"a singular lack of aggression". 
			  
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68.  Terrance Dicks asked the authors
to characterise Chinn
as a "Little-Englander". 
			  
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69.  His aim here, says the script,
is to "preserve any possible glory
for Britain". 
			  
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70.  As scripted, the next scene begins
with a monstrous figure
clawing its way out of the undergrowth. 
			  
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71.  It turns out to be Josh,
cursing in an unusual dialect: 
			  
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72.  "Furge-thangering muck-witchellers
rock-throbblin' this time o' day. 
			  
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73.  "Ur bin oughta gone put thickery
blarmdasted zoines about,
gordangum, diddenum? 
			  
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74.  "Havver froggin' law onnum, shouldnum?
Eh? Eh? Arn I?" 
			  
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75.  A root-like tendril slithers out
from underneath the object, 
			  
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76.  then rears up and strikes like a snake
when Josh steps over it: 
			  
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77.  "There is a crackle like static,
and Josh goes limp." 
			  
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78.  This was scripted
as a dark green American Ford
on the motorway. 
			  
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79.  It began with an extended space battle: 
			  
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80.  Axos is forced out of the sky 
			  
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81.  and crash-lands in Hyde Park
one lunchtime,
burying itself in the earth. 
			  
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82.  The "spacedome" that remains visible
above ground eerily resembles
a human skull: 
			  
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83.  It has two holes above,
like eye-sockets, 
			  
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84.  and a larger,
mouth-like entrance at ground level. 
			  
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85.  In the script, Josh screams,
"and cracks appear in his face
as in dry mud". 
			  
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86.  Meanwhile, Filer finds one
of the old man's mittens outside. 
			  
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87.  They hadn't allowed for the limitations
of a typical Doctor Who budget. 
			  
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88.  Down the London to Bristol telephone
line came a robust response
from Terrance Dicks: 
			  
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89.  "We're not MGM!" 
			  
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90.  Axos had to land in a deserted area:
There could be no Hyde Park,
no chase through Battersea Funfair, 
			  
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91.  and demolishing parts of central London
was absolutely out of the question! 
			  
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92.  Keen to develop a strong sense
of authenticity, Barry Letts also vetoed
the alien "skull", 
			  
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93.  though the term "spacedome"
survived through
every subsequent rewrite. 
			  
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94.  It's even said at one point
in the finished programme:
See if you can spot where. 
			  
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95.  The Ministry of Defence felt that early
1970s Doctor Who portrayed the army
in a positive light, 
			  
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96.  so it often helped out with the loan
of army personnel and equipment. 
			  
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97.  For 'The Claws of Axos',
the production team had the use
of a mounted Wombat gun, 
			  
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98.  a Land Rover, and ten soldiers, 
			  
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99.  all supplied by Risborough Barracks
in Shorncliffe, near Folkestone. 
			  
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100.  The Central Electricity Generating Board
was no less co-operative, 
			  
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101.  and filming facilities were granted
at the Dungeness "A"
Nuclear Power Station. 
			  
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102.  Built as recently as 1965,
the station was a prime example
of modern technology, 
			  
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103.  so it was considered eminently suitable
for Doctor Who. 
			  
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104.  Dicks sent Baker and Martin back
to the storyline stage partly
to make them focus on the narrative, 
			  
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105.  but partly also to get them back
to their fundamental ideas
which had been so strong. 
			  
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106.  One of those ideas was a new take
on the "alien invasion" concept,
something Doctor Who badly needed 
			  
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107.  now that every serial
was set on modern-day Earth. 
			  
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108.  Hence the new title,
'The Friendly Invasion':
The aliens seemed benevolent, 
			  
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109.  but turned out
to have less altruistic objectives
in mind as the story developed. 
			  
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110.  Several scenes scripted as exteriors,
including the rest of this one, 
			  
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111.  were relocated inside the mobile HQ,
to reduce the amount of material
to be filmed on location. 
			  
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112.  In the script, the soldiers' response
to the opening aperture
is "a ragged volley of shots" - 
			  
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113.  despite the Brigadier's order
to hold their fire. 
			  
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114.  "We need to feel the underlying tension
coming through from the characters,
even the Doctor." 
			  
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115.  Tension and horror in Doctor Who
had been a matter of public debate
on and off since 1964, 
			  
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116.  Suddenly Doctor Who was under pressure
not to "go too far", 
			  
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117.  so this sequence, with Josh's face
deflating under Yates's fingers,
became a problem. 
			  
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118.  A collapsing wax model of the face
was made for the effect, 
			  
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119.  but in post-production it was decided
to censor the shot, like this. 
			  
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120.  Watch for another example
in the next episode. 
			  
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121.  On location, a BBC outside broadcast van
stood in for the mobile HQ,
with UNIT markings added 
			  
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122.  and tape hiding the BBC logo. 
			  
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123.  Two members of the cast felt
the wintry conditions more than most. 
			  
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124.  The other was Katy Manning,
for obvious reasons. 
			  
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125.  The beach was so cold that, on arrival,
they found the shingle
all frozen together, 
			  
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126.  that she couldn't get
the boots off unaided. 
			  
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127.  When she did, it was discovered
that she'd been perilously close
to getting frostbite. 
			  
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128.  Long johns 
			  
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129.  (which were pink, to the dismay
of the otherwise all-male cast). 
			  
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130.  At least, between takes,
Katy had the benefit
of a fur-lined coat to snuggle in. 
			  
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131.  In a few moments we'll meet the Axons,
in a sequence that was substantially
rethought by Terrance Dicks. 
			  
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132.  In the authors' draft script,
the Axons are revived
with radioactive isotopes. 
			  
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133.  But, Dicks pointed out,
two 1970 Doctor Who serials
had featured similar events: 
			  
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134.  In 'Doctor Who and the Silurians',
dormant reptile men are revived
with radiation from a nuclear reactor, 
			  
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135.  and 'The Ambassadors of Death'
featured a race of isotope-dependent
alien astronauts. 
			  
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136.  Dicks therefore proposed that the Axons
should just wake up spontaneously, 
			  
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137.  as Axos begins to suck the energy
and life-force
from its immediate environment. 
			  
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138.  This is, says the script,
"the ad-man's dream 'Coca-Cola' family". 
			  
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139.  They are wearing silver spacesuits,
and grouped in "a rather emotional
Victorian-type pose". 
			  
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140.  The "father" has difficulty speaking:
He is "gradually getting used
to the 'alien' tongue". 
			  
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141.  His accent is "colourless"
and "mid-Atlantic". 
			  
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142.  "All our worlds are totally
and permanently entropised,"
he tells them, 
			  
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143.  In these close-ups,
look at the Axon's neck. 
			  
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144.  You can see where the gold make-up ends
at the collar-line. 
			  
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145.  After the recording,
the actors went "from gold to beetroot" 
			  
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146.  The Axon goes on
to explains Axonite further: 
			  
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147.  "Its sub-atomic particles behave in
an ordered rather than a random fashion. 
			  
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148.  "They can be programmed and organised
so that every molecule acts
as a micro-computer, 
			  
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149.  "which is, in turn linked
to every other molecule." 
			  
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150.  Axonite was the "gift"
of the serial's earliest title, 
			  
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151.  and remained the conceptual centre
of the plot throughout
every one of the rewrites. 
			  
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152.  The initial idea was of an alien brain
(which was why the spacedome's
first manifestation resembled a skull): 
			  
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153.  A brain which could project
its multifarious ganglia
into many different forms, 
			  
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154.  fooling its hosts
with a spurious appearance of humanity, 
			  
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155.  and so enabling the "friendly invasion"
of the second title. 
			  
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156.  Terrance Dicks devised this sequence,
originally with a laboratory rat. 
			  
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157.  and this was a good opportunity
to show them a trick. 
			  
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158.  A terrified Winser tries to run away
from the inedible six-foot amphibian,
but stumbles and falls. 
			  
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159.  The effect works by the "blue-screen"
Colour Separation Overlay process:
The camera on the toad zooms in and out, 
			  
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160.  but the background, keyed
in on the blue screen, remains constant. 
			  
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161.  In the script, the Axon shrinks the toad
down to "a mere dot on the floor". 
			  
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162.  Also seen in this episode were: 
			  
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163.  George Howse,
Pierce McAvoy 
			  
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164.  Gloria Walker 
			  
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165.  Roy Brent, Bill Hughes 
			  
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166.  Steve Emerson,
Stuart Fell 
			  
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167.  Reg Harding,
Derek Martin 
			  
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168.  Uncredited production contributors 
			  
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169.  Bill Paget 
			  
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170.  Les Collins 
			  
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171.  Alec Christison 
			  
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172.  David Evans 
			  
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173.  Peter Logan 
			  
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174.  Andrew Rose,
Robert Springett 
			  
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175.  Linton Howell-Hughes 
			  
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