1. "An Unidentified Flying Object lands on
the English coast. UNIT investigates.
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2. This episode was first shown
on 13 March 1971,
when it was seen by 7.3 million viewers.
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3. In the early 1970s,
this kind of graceful music
was conventional for outer space scenes
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4. In the script, they check the records
first to establish
that it's not a known comet,
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5. and find that no comet is due this year
(which is not the same year the serial
was made and broadcast):
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6. Comus-Sola passed Earth in 1969,
Pons-Winnecke in 1970, Encke in 1971,
and Westphal is due in 1975.
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7. The script here calls
for "a pulsating amoebic shape".
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8. These shots were a late,
unscripted addition.
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9. The outer shell is "ridged,
rather like the surface
of the cerebellum," says the script.
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10. In an earlier draft of the serial,
Chinn was just a civil servant.
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11. But a civil servant could
not convincingly take charge
of the situation later on,
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12. so the authors were asked
to make him an influential,
right-wing Member of Parliament.
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13. In the script,
he has a longer rant:
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14. "You seem to think UNIT
is your own private army, Brigadier.
Not so - emphatically not so!
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15. "You forget that you are a guest
of the British Government, paid for
in part by the British taxpayer.
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16. "As their elected representative,
I must insist on your full co-operation
with this enquiry.
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17. In the script, there's a comic scene
where Bill Filer asks Jo where he can
find a chap called "Joe Grant".
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18. At this point in the series' history,
the Doctor is marooned on Earth,
unable to operate the Tardis.
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19. "How do you suspend someone
who doesn't exist?"
Asks the Doctor, mischievously.
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20. This scene was a late addition
in rehearsal,
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21. as was the Doctor's line here.
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22. The addition helped to re-establish
the running theme of the 1971 series,
UNIT's ongoing battle with the Master.
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23. Producer Barry Letts felt Doctor Who
needed a "Moriarty" figure motivating
all the various threats to Earth.
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24. which so excited them
that they featured him
in every upcoming serial.
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25. ICBM stands
for Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile.
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26. In other words, they're wondering if the
UFO is actually an enemy first strike.
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27. There isn't a direct line:
The Brigadier just wants to get rid
of Chinn.
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28. The authors, Bob Baker and Dave Martin,
had very little television experience
before writing 'The Claws of Axos',
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29. so the serial took them roughly a year
to put together,
from first storyline to final script.
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30. Terrance Dicks shepherded them
through umpteen rewrites,
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31. and contributed more
than a few ideas of his own.
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32. The inclusion of "a curious rustic",
for example, was at his suggestion.
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33. Bristol-based Baker
and Martin had begun writing drama
in 1968,
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34. working together in a disused barn full
of rotting fruit.
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35. About a month later, they were phoned
by Trevor Ray,
Doctor Who's assistant script editor,
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36. who wanted to discuss a play
they'd sent in:
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37. A Man's Life, an unfinished comedy
about a tank regiment,
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38. which they had based on the army
experiences of their friend Keith Floyd
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39. Addressed simply to "BBC, London",
the script did the rounds
of Television Centre
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40. and the writers came up with some ideas
on the way back to Bristol
that afternoon.
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41. This line was scripted
for the technician,
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42. and this bit was a late addition
after the location filming was disrupted
by changeable weather from day to day.
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43. "It's a fine, eerie location,"
Dicks wrote to Baker
and Martin after visiting the filming,
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44. "but bloody cold! Feeling is only now
returning to my lower extremities!"
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45. This sequence was filmed
on the first day on location,
Monday 4 January 1971.
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46. The business on the rubbish tip
was unscripted, worked out on the day
by the actor and director.
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47. Filming continued at various venues
in southern Kent until the end
of the week,
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48. but, as you'll see, the foggy,
snowy conditions didn't last -
only the cold!
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49. So freak weather conditions
were declared - to cover the fact
that the visuals didn't always match up.
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50. By then, bits and pieces of dialogue had
already been reassigned
to Corporal Bell,
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51. The props department had supplied
some high tech miniature televisions
for this sequence,
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52. but they had to make do
with these tatty old monitors
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53. after the tellies were stolen
during the lunch break!
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54. The technician
is "too amazed to use the jargon",
says the script.
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55. The document was
as thick as a complete script,
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56. full of high-concept inspiration,
but unworkably light
on connecting story.
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57. The monitors here show stock film
supplied by the
British Aircraft Corporation.
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58. 7-part serials had been abandoned
in a change of production policy,
so it was now to be a 6-parter.
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59. The script finally came in
on 6 April 1970, three months late.
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60. The authors were immediately asked
to start again from scratch
with a fresh storyline.
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61. Pigbin Josh is played
by stuntman Derek Ware.
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62. He'd been contracted
for the role only four days earlier.
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63. He was the founder of the Kilburn-based
stunt co-operative Havoc, who styled
themselves "specialists in hazards".
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64. Havoc had been Doctor Who's
usual stunt team during 1970,
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65. so 'The Claws of Axos' was
to be their last regular engagement
on Doctor Who.
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66. In the script, the Doctor points out
that, despite the missile attack,
the UFO has offered no retaliation:
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67. In fact, it shows
"a singular lack of aggression".
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68. Terrance Dicks asked the authors
to characterise Chinn
as a "Little-Englander".
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69. His aim here, says the script,
is to "preserve any possible glory
for Britain".
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70. As scripted, the next scene begins
with a monstrous figure
clawing its way out of the undergrowth.
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71. It turns out to be Josh,
cursing in an unusual dialect:
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72. "Furge-thangering muck-witchellers
rock-throbblin' this time o' day.
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73. "Ur bin oughta gone put thickery
blarmdasted zoines about,
gordangum, diddenum?
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74. "Havver froggin' law onnum, shouldnum?
Eh? Eh? Arn I?"
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75. A root-like tendril slithers out
from underneath the object,
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76. then rears up and strikes like a snake
when Josh steps over it:
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77. "There is a crackle like static,
and Josh goes limp."
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78. This was scripted
as a dark green American Ford
on the motorway.
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79. It began with an extended space battle:
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80. Axos is forced out of the sky
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81. and crash-lands in Hyde Park
one lunchtime,
burying itself in the earth.
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82. The "spacedome" that remains visible
above ground eerily resembles
a human skull:
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83. It has two holes above,
like eye-sockets,
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84. and a larger,
mouth-like entrance at ground level.
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85. In the script, Josh screams,
"and cracks appear in his face
as in dry mud".
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86. Meanwhile, Filer finds one
of the old man's mittens outside.
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87. They hadn't allowed for the limitations
of a typical Doctor Who budget.
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88. Down the London to Bristol telephone
line came a robust response
from Terrance Dicks:
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89. "We're not MGM!"
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90. Axos had to land in a deserted area:
There could be no Hyde Park,
no chase through Battersea Funfair,
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91. and demolishing parts of central London
was absolutely out of the question!
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92. Keen to develop a strong sense
of authenticity, Barry Letts also vetoed
the alien "skull",
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93. though the term "spacedome"
survived through
every subsequent rewrite.
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94. It's even said at one point
in the finished programme:
See if you can spot where.
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95. The Ministry of Defence felt that early
1970s Doctor Who portrayed the army
in a positive light,
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96. so it often helped out with the loan
of army personnel and equipment.
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97. For 'The Claws of Axos',
the production team had the use
of a mounted Wombat gun,
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98. a Land Rover, and ten soldiers,
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99. all supplied by Risborough Barracks
in Shorncliffe, near Folkestone.
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100. The Central Electricity Generating Board
was no less co-operative,
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101. and filming facilities were granted
at the Dungeness "A"
Nuclear Power Station.
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102. Built as recently as 1965,
the station was a prime example
of modern technology,
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103. so it was considered eminently suitable
for Doctor Who.
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104. Dicks sent Baker and Martin back
to the storyline stage partly
to make them focus on the narrative,
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105. but partly also to get them back
to their fundamental ideas
which had been so strong.
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106. One of those ideas was a new take
on the "alien invasion" concept,
something Doctor Who badly needed
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107. now that every serial
was set on modern-day Earth.
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108. Hence the new title,
'The Friendly Invasion':
The aliens seemed benevolent,
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109. but turned out
to have less altruistic objectives
in mind as the story developed.
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110. Several scenes scripted as exteriors,
including the rest of this one,
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111. were relocated inside the mobile HQ,
to reduce the amount of material
to be filmed on location.
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112. In the script, the soldiers' response
to the opening aperture
is "a ragged volley of shots" -
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113. despite the Brigadier's order
to hold their fire.
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114. "We need to feel the underlying tension
coming through from the characters,
even the Doctor."
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115. Tension and horror in Doctor Who
had been a matter of public debate
on and off since 1964,
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116. Suddenly Doctor Who was under pressure
not to "go too far",
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117. so this sequence, with Josh's face
deflating under Yates's fingers,
became a problem.
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118. A collapsing wax model of the face
was made for the effect,
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119. but in post-production it was decided
to censor the shot, like this.
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120. Watch for another example
in the next episode.
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121. On location, a BBC outside broadcast van
stood in for the mobile HQ,
with UNIT markings added
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122. and tape hiding the BBC logo.
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123. Two members of the cast felt
the wintry conditions more than most.
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124. The other was Katy Manning,
for obvious reasons.
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125. The beach was so cold that, on arrival,
they found the shingle
all frozen together,
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126. that she couldn't get
the boots off unaided.
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127. When she did, it was discovered
that she'd been perilously close
to getting frostbite.
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128. Long johns
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129. (which were pink, to the dismay
of the otherwise all-male cast).
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130. At least, between takes,
Katy had the benefit
of a fur-lined coat to snuggle in.
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131. In a few moments we'll meet the Axons,
in a sequence that was substantially
rethought by Terrance Dicks.
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132. In the authors' draft script,
the Axons are revived
with radioactive isotopes.
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133. But, Dicks pointed out,
two 1970 Doctor Who serials
had featured similar events:
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134. In 'Doctor Who and the Silurians',
dormant reptile men are revived
with radiation from a nuclear reactor,
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135. and 'The Ambassadors of Death'
featured a race of isotope-dependent
alien astronauts.
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136. Dicks therefore proposed that the Axons
should just wake up spontaneously,
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137. as Axos begins to suck the energy
and life-force
from its immediate environment.
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138. This is, says the script,
"the ad-man's dream 'Coca-Cola' family".
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139. They are wearing silver spacesuits,
and grouped in "a rather emotional
Victorian-type pose".
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140. The "father" has difficulty speaking:
He is "gradually getting used
to the 'alien' tongue".
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141. His accent is "colourless"
and "mid-Atlantic".
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142. "All our worlds are totally
and permanently entropised,"
he tells them,
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143. In these close-ups,
look at the Axon's neck.
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144. You can see where the gold make-up ends
at the collar-line.
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145. After the recording,
the actors went "from gold to beetroot"
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146. The Axon goes on
to explains Axonite further:
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147. "Its sub-atomic particles behave in
an ordered rather than a random fashion.
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148. "They can be programmed and organised
so that every molecule acts
as a micro-computer,
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149. "which is, in turn linked
to every other molecule."
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150. Axonite was the "gift"
of the serial's earliest title,
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151. and remained the conceptual centre
of the plot throughout
every one of the rewrites.
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152. The initial idea was of an alien brain
(which was why the spacedome's
first manifestation resembled a skull):
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153. A brain which could project
its multifarious ganglia
into many different forms,
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154. fooling its hosts
with a spurious appearance of humanity,
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155. and so enabling the "friendly invasion"
of the second title.
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156. Terrance Dicks devised this sequence,
originally with a laboratory rat.
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157. and this was a good opportunity
to show them a trick.
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158. A terrified Winser tries to run away
from the inedible six-foot amphibian,
but stumbles and falls.
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159. The effect works by the "blue-screen"
Colour Separation Overlay process:
The camera on the toad zooms in and out,
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160. but the background, keyed
in on the blue screen, remains constant.
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161. In the script, the Axon shrinks the toad
down to "a mere dot on the floor".
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162. Also seen in this episode were:
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163. George Howse,
Pierce McAvoy
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164. Gloria Walker
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165. Roy Brent, Bill Hughes
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166. Steve Emerson,
Stuart Fell
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167. Reg Harding,
Derek Martin
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168. Uncredited production contributors
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169. Bill Paget
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170. Les Collins
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171. Alec Christison
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172. David Evans
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173. Peter Logan
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174. Andrew Rose,
Robert Springett
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175. Linton Howell-Hughes
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