1. "The TARDIS lands on a strange planet
with the Doctor unconscious
and apparently gravely ill.
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2. "Jo looks for help and finds herself
facing the dangers of an alien jungle."
(Radio Times)
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3. This episode was first shown
on 7 April, 1973
to an audience of 11 million people.
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4. Terry Nation (1930-97) was considered
the pre-eminent scriptwriter
in the early years of Doctor Who.
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5. He wrote 32 episodes
of the first three series
and also created the Daleks,
but then moved on to other projects.
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6. 'Planet Of The Daleks'
was his first contribution to Doctor Who
for seven years.
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7. There had been a change or two
in the interim.
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8. Back in the mid-1960s,
every episode had its own
individual on-screen title.
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9. The practice was discontinued in 1966,
but Nation went with what he was used to
when he drafted this serial.
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10. So he gave each episode
an individual title.
This one was called:
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11. DESTINUS
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12. And what exactly was Destinus?
Stay tuned for the answer!
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13. Jon Pertwee was self-conscious
about the size of his nose,
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14. so he hated camera angles like this.
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15. He would complain to directors
that it was like
looking down the business end
of a double-barrelled shotgun.
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16. The locker was scripted to be
somewhere "under here",
but the actors amended it
to suit the set.
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17. The script calls for
"a small tape recorder",
but what Jo takes out
looks more like a compact tape cassette.
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18. The spinning effect here was unplanned.
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19. In the script,
Jo presses the jerking Doctor
down onto the couch
until the spasm passes.
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20. This serial continues directly from
'Frontier in Space', which ended
with the Doctor being shot in a mêlée.
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21. That was a late rewrite,
to tie in with the way Terry Nation
had started off this adventure.
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22. He had used a similar opening,
with one of the series regulars
wounded and delirious,
in 'The Daleks' Master Plan' (1965-6).
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23. As we'll see, that wasn't the only thing
he recycled from his 1960s
Doctor Who scripts.
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24. When Jo reaches the console,
it's time to play
spot the moving boom shadow.
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25. And in case
you missed it the first time...
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26. Jo refers to the events
of 'The Dæmons' (1971).
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27. The Doctor's ability to put himself
into a self-healing coma
was used intermittently
in the early 1970s serials.
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28. In the script, she speculates that the
Time Lords might have brought the TARDIS
back to their own planet.
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29. Because of the rime
on the Doctor's face,
this bit was recorded out of sequence
at the end of the studio session.
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30. The "ice" was applied
on top of Jon Pertwee's usual make-up,
then cleaned off at leisure
after recording ended.
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31. In the script,
Jo hears a "wet, slapping noise"
coming from outside the TARDIS.
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32. Script editor Terrance Dicks wrote in
the physiological details,
drawing on a faux medical report
on the Doctor
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33. written by Malcolm Hulke
for the behind-the-scenes publication,
The Making of Doctor Who (1972).
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34. Jon Pertwee's debut serial established
that the Doctor's heart rate,
when not comatose,
is one beat every six seconds.
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35. The normal human range
is once or twice a second.
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36. The plan was for the scanner
to show distorted blobby flashes
before clearing
to show the alien jungle.
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37. The script assumes that, up to now,
Jo is still wearing the costume
she started off in.
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38. Here she pulls a suitcase out of
a locker and finds herself a new outfit,
including a warm, long-sleeved jacket
and gloves.
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39. And, just as she starts to change,
the camera discreetly mixes away
to the outside of the TARDIS.
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40. At an early stage, it was hoped
to show the fungus visibly spreading
across the police box door.
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41. The script describes a pulsating,
spongy, ball-like fungus
which spits its spores
at the TARDIS- and Jo.
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42. The "sponge plants",
operated by an off-screen stirrup pump,
spurted a weak solution
of wallpaper paste.
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43. They were the serial's most expensive
full-size physical effects:
Four of them were made,
at a cost of £230.
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44. In the script, one of the stones
is carved with strange symbols.
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45. Terry Nation imagined it as a ruin
or monument,
whereas it's called a statue
in the finished programme.
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46. It was made from leftover materials
procured for the jungle wall flats.
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47. Yes, even jungles have walls
when they have to be created
inside BBC studios.
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48. The trees and plants were placed
inside a jagged set wall
which ran for about 17 yards of studio.
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49. There were seven triangular alcoves
of denser foliage along the set wall.
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50. The larger leaves were artificial props
made of PVC by an outside contractor,
the scenery firm Zircon.
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51. Effects designer Clifford Culley
dressed the whole jungle
with an artificial "cobweb" spray.
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52. Between them, the various plants
and trees are carrying cobwebs
comprising two whole gallons
of rubber solution!
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53. "The colour of the night is green,"
says the script.
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54. And this is dawn
against a studio cyclorama.
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55. The script says that the plants
are constantly in movement,
giving off a sinister, whispering sound.
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56. "The temperature
seems to be shooting up"
was the scripted line.
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57. Terry Nation devised
the tape-recorded log to solve a problem
of practical dramaturgy.
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58. For him, the first principle
of structuring a Doctor Who story
was to split up the regular characters.
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59. This creates
two separate lines of narrative,
enabling him to maintain interest
by switching between them.
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60. It dictates an overall story shape:
By the end,
the characters must be reunited
with one another and with the TARDIS.
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61. And it adds to the tension:
Jo is separated
from her customary protector,
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62. so all she has left to rely on
are her own resources
of courage, knowledge and intelligence.
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63. In the mid-1960s, when Nation
began writing for the series,
it was also a practical necessity:
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64. There were four regular characters,
so keeping them together
would have overcrowded the scenes.
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65. But applying the same approach
when there are only two series regulars
has a built-in drawback.
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66. The Doctor can talk to the absent Jo
because he's dazed and confused,
but who will Jo talk to?
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67. And that's why Terry Nation
invented the TARDIS log -
though he will have another use for it
in a later episode.
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68. He later re-used
the "log narration" technique
in two 1978 episodes of Blake's 7,
'Cygnus Alpha' and 'Orac'.
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69. She was scripted to use a handkerchief,
not the seat of her trousers.
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70. Look at the vertical metallic strip
in the console's central column
and you'll see a little reflected bit
of Studio 4.
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71. You'll notice that people
are walking about the studio
as Pertwee performs.
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72. The ship is "shaped rather
more like a guided missile
than anything we have seen
in US space missions," says the script.
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73. "It was launched from a mother ship,
and made a power-assisted glide
onto the surface of this planet."
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74. Note the use of green gel filters
on some of the studio lights.
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75. The spaceship's landing site
and interior were built in the studio
as a composite set.
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76. This meant that Jo could go inside
without the need
to schedule a recording break
to get her from one set to the next.
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77. The scene continues in the script:
Jo finds a few rudimentary
medical supplies for the Doctor.
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78. On the floor,
she notices a pool of water from a
fractured metal container in the roof.
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79. The footprints
go right through the water,
leaving a wet trail.
They must have been made recently!
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80. Then Jo hears a sound from outside,
something is trying
to get into the ship.
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81. Desperate and terrified,
she hides behind some fittings,
and we cut to the Doctor in the TARDIS.
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82. "Less than an hour," he mutters
in the script.
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83. "The movement is gentle and slow,"
says the script,
"and in its very slowness, menacing."
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84. This was written as a close analogue
of a sequence in the first Dalek story
(1963-4).
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85. A young woman
is followed through the jungle
by an unseen creature.
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86. We see its human hand
touch her on the shoulder,
as Taron was scripted to do to Jo.
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87. In both serials,
the apparently menacing being turns out
to be a Thal, beautiful and benevolent.
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88. The Thals are the other inhabitants
of the Daleks' planet Skaro,
products of a mutation
after a nuclear war.
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89. In their case,
the mutation eradicated ugliness
from their bodies and minds. It did
something different to the Daleks...
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90. When the Doctor met the Thals on Skaro,
he was accompanied
by two schoolteachers from Earth.
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91. Some elements of this set
were made of vacuum-formed plastic.
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92. This was a relatively new process
which used a mould
and a thin sheet of hot plastic.
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93. A vacuum would pull the plastic tightly
onto the mould and it would set
in that shape as it cooled.
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94. It was a cheap way of mass-producing
identical set components
(among other things),
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95. but the results were not durable
and didn't stand up well to manhandling
by the BBC's scene-shifters.
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96. In the next shot, for instance,
note the dent in the white panel
to the bottom right of Jo.
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97. Terry Nation imagined the locker
as a much more confined space than this.
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98. His scripts often
played upon common human fears,
like claustrophobia here.
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99. The BBC's senior management
discussed this episode
at a routine review meeting
on 11 April, 1973.
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100. They gave an enthusiastic welcome
to the start of a new Dalek adventure.
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101. The hollow clump of Jo's footsteps
betrays the fact that
this is a raised set built on rostra,
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102. enabling the stage hands
to rock the entire set like this.
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103. The levitating green object
is a cordless telephone handset.
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104. The prop was made six years earlier
for the ITV series, The Prisoner
(1967-8).
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105. Though it looks very cramped
and enclosed, the set was open,
perforated with absent walls
to let the camera see in.
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106. This also enabled stage hands
to "ransack" the cupboard from behind!
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107. Another of Terry Nation's
scriptwriting customs was
never to refer to the Daleks
by name in a first episode.
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108. Instead, the characters
use circumlocutory pronouns
like "they" and "them".
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109. This underlines the characters' fear
of their unspoken adversary,
and also keeps the surprise back
for the cliffhanger.
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110. The script calls for
the door to be rattled more violently,
as if the invisible creature
is trying to pull it off its hinges.
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111. This is
a Colour Separation Overlay effect.
The red object
is shot against a yellow screen.
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112. A stage hand entirely dressed in yellow
picks it up by a yellow handle on top.
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113. The yellow backdrop, stage hand and
handle are all electronically replaced
with a shot of the spaceship set.
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114. This is a physical effect: The topsoil
drops into a cut-out "footprint"
as a thin sheet of card
is removed from beneath.
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115. It was a relatively expensive piece
of legerdemain: The effects bill
for that one shot was £100.
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116. Two model shots
were planned for this episode,
showing the TARDIS
progressively enveloped in fungus.
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117. Note the castor at the left end
of the TARDIS wall, for the convenience
of the scene-shifters.
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118. In Terry Nation's 1960s scripts,
the Doctor is often unable
to get into the TARDIS and leave.
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119. But this time he has a mission to go on,
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120. so Nation devised the twist
of trapping him inside the place
where he is usually safest.
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121. The Monday after this episode was shown,
Colin Pierce
of the British Safety Council
wrote to the Chairman of the BBC.
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122. "By showing this headgear," he wrote,
"the BBC is inviting children
to kill themselves
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123. "by putting their heads in plastic bags
and suffocating to death."
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124. He demanded that,
both before and after future episodes,
the BBC should issue "severe warnings
to children and parents".
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125. Moreover, he urged that his Council
should be allowed
to inspect future programmes
before transmission,
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126. "so that such dangers can be eliminated
before the damage is done
and a tragedy occurs".
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127. Producer Barry Letts responded swiftly:
"The actors did not put plastic bags
over their heads."
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128. The danger of imitation by children
had already been taken into account
in deciding the design:
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129. "Solid transparent helmets"
with "plastic capes
to protect the shoulders".
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130. In other words, something a child
could not satisfactorily simulate
using an ordinary,
but lethal, polythene bag.
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131. The Doctor is, of course,
describing the events
of the original Dalek serial.
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132. The director of 'Planet of the Daleks'
was David Maloney (1933-2006).
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133. He had five years' directing experience,
having qualified in 1968.
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134. One of his first productions
was the last serial in the 1967-8 series
of Doctor Who, 'The Mind Robber'.
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135. He went on
to direct another 14 episodes
in the 1968-9 series, comprising
'The Krotons' and 'The War Games'.
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136. For the next three years,
he concentrated mainly on productions
with a little more professional cachet
than Doctor Who,
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137. including classic-serial adaptations
of Ivanhoe (1970)
And The Last of the Mohicans (1971).
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138. He returned to Doctor Who
under its next production team
to direct four highly-regarded serials:
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139. 'Genesis of the Daleks'
and 'Planet of Evil' (both 1975),
'The Deadly Assassin' (1976),
and 'The Talons of Weng-Chiang' (1977).
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140. He later became a BBC producer,
working on Blake's 7 (1978-80),
When the Boat Comes In,
and The Day of the Triffids (both 1981).
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141. The Doctor and his friends also fall ill
in the first Dalek serial,
but from radiation sickness
rather than a fungus infection.
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142. The Thals are likewise their salvation,
giving them a supply
of anti-radiation drugs.
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143. The name "Spiridon" is Ukrainian.
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144. Terry Nation originally intended
to use it only
for the planet's invisible inhabitants.
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145. In his first draft, the planet itself
was christened something else.
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146. Nation liked
to give planets meaningful names
which suggested something distinctive
about them.
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147. A world devastated, or scarred,
by an atomic war? Skaro.
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148. A planet with a somewhat unusual ocean?
Marinus.
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149. A world of parching deserts? Aridius.
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150. A planet ruled by robots? Mechanus.
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151. And the planet to which
the Doctor has just steered the TARDIS,
the planet which is
his chosen destination?
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152. Naturally that would have to be named
"Destinus".
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153. And that was, you'll remember,
the title assigned to this episode
in the draft script.
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154. "I have been in jungles before,
you know,"
the Doctor was scripted to say.
("Not like this one!" retorts Taron.)
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155. The script directs Jo to lie with
her infected arm flung away from her,
"as though she wanted to be
as far from it as possible".
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156. Plans were laid to show
an invisible Dalek's "footprint"
moving along the ground.
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157. The effect was costed at £60,
but was abandoned at a late stage.
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158. Here's all that remains of that idea.
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159. David Maloney was directing
the juvenile crime series im and Co.
When Barry Letts invited him
to direct this serial.
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160. He took the assignment
because he saw an opportunity
to learn a new technical skill.
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161. Because he had mainly
directed classic serials
and historical drama
since the advent of colour television,
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162. he had never before worked with
the Colour Separation Overlay process.
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163. For the next shot,
a Dalek prop was painted yellow
and "keyed out" of the picture by CSO.
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164. The actors did indeed
spray it with paint,
covering up the yellow
so that it was keyed back in.
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165. Also seen in this episode was:
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166. Alan Casley (Dead Thal Pilot)
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167. Uncredited production contributors
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168. Gerry Burrows (Grams)
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169. George Bayton (Music Copyist)
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170. Scota Raquesen (Make-up Assistant)
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171. Ken Dodds (Floor Assistant)
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172. Sue Hedden (Assistant Floor Manager)
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173. Michael Turner (Vision Mixer)
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174. Bill Bonner (Props Buyer)
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175. Sarah Newman (Production Secretary)
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176. Carole Bisset (Director's Assistant)
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